Manure in front of an orchard. Leaves of trees are firest used as beds for the cattle in the sattlesheds. When they decompose, they became manure, along with the cattle excreta.
The mountains having Chir Pine forests are brown with the pine needles. They are called Pirul in the local language. These pine needles are like gunpowder. They are the fuel that sets the forests on fire. Kumaon hills.